5 S's in Lean System

5S is a workplace organization method that uses a list of five Japanese words : seiri (整理), seiton (整頓), seisō (清掃), seiketsu (清潔), and shitsuke (躾). These have been translated as "Sort", "Set In order", "Shine", "Standardize" and "Sustain". The list describes how to organize a work space for efficiency and effectiveness by identifying and storing the items used, maintaining the area and items, and sustaining the new order. The decision-making process usually comes from a dialogue about standardization, which builds understanding among employees of how they should do the work.
5S was developed in Japan and was identified as one of the techniques that enabled Just in Time manufacturing.

Following are the 5 S's :
1. Sort : Seiri is sorting through all items in a location and removing all unnecessary items from the location. It increases the amount of available, useful space. It also simplifies inspection.
2. Set in order : Seiton is putting all necessary items in the optimal place for fulfilling their function in the workplace. It involves arranging all necessary items so that they can be easily selected for use. It makes it easy to find and pick up necessary items.
3. Shine : Seiso is sweeping or cleaning and inspecting the workplace, tools and machinery on a regular basis. It improves the production process efficiency and safety, reduces waste, prevents errors and defects.
4. Standardize : Seiketsu is to standardize the processes used to sort, order and clean the workplace. Establish procedures and schedules to ensure the repetition of the first three ‘S’ practices.
5. Sustain : Shitsuke or sustain the developed processes by self-discipline of the workers. Also translates as "do without being told". It ensures that the 5S approach is followed.
5S methodology has expanded from manufacturing and is now being applied to a wide variety of industries including health care, education, and government. Visual management and 5S can be particularly beneficial in health care because a frantic search for supplies to treat an in-trouble patient (a chronic problem in health care) can have dire consequences. Although this method has originated in manufacturing industry it can be applied to service industry as well.

LEARNING CURVE THEORY

A learning curve is a concept that graphically depicts the relationship between the cost and output over a defined period of time, normally to represent the repetitive task of an employee or worker. The learning curve was first described by psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885 and is used as a way to measure production efficiency and to forecast costs.

The learning curve shows that if a task is performed over and over than less time will be required at each iteration. Historically, it has been reported that whenever there has been instanced of double production, the required labor time has decreased by 10 or 15 percent or more.Learning curves are also known as experience curve, cost curves, efficiency curves and productivity curves. These curves help demonstrate the cost per unit of output decreases over time with the increase in experience of the workforce. Learning curves and experience curves are extensively used by organization in production planning, cost forecasting and setting delivery schedules.

A learning curve is a plot of proxy measures for implied learning (proficiency or progression toward a limit) with experience.
◇The Horizontal Axis represents experience either directly as time (clock time, or the time spent on the activity), or can be related to time (a number of trials, or the total number of units produced).
◇The Vertical Axis is a measure representing learning or proficiency or other proxy for "efficiency" or "productivity". It can either be increasing (for example, the score in a test), or decreasing (the time to complete a test).
The most used model is that developed by T.P.Wright and as per this model, as the number of units produced doubles the learning curve applies. It is denoted as a percentage. For example, if a product takes 100 hrs to produce a certain unit of product and the learning curve is 80%, then it will take 80 hrs (100 hrs × 80%) to produce 2 units (1 unit × 2) and for producing 4 units (2units × 2), it will take 64 hrs (80 hrs × 80%).
The concept also has it drawbacks. It does not consider factors like boredom, urge to do something new, etc under consideration which may lead to reduction in the efficiency stated as per the learning curve.

ABC INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

In materials management, ABC analysis is an inventory categorization technique. ABC analysis divides an inventory into three categories—"A items" with very tight control and accurate records, "B items" with less tightly controlled and good records, and "C items" with the simplest controls possible and minimal records.
‘C Classification’ items are very important for an organization. Because of the high demand of these ‘A’ items, frequent value analysis is required. These are your fast moving and typically lower value items that drive the largest percentage of your target service levels and customer satisfaction rates.
'B Classification’ items are important, but of course less important than ‘A’ items and more important than ‘C’ items. These are typically mid range in inventory value and order frequency.
‘A Classification’ items are marginally important. Typically, very low order frequency and high inventory value. These items are usually stocked with very low quantities or not at all due to the high carrying costs associated with the stock levels.

Following are some of the advantages of ABC Inventory management system:
1. Reduction in investment or working capital requirements.
2. Strict control over materials of high value.
3. Minimum storage costs.
4. Saving in time.
5. Economical since equal time and labour is not required for all types of inventories.
Some of the disadvantages of ABC system can be stated as follows:
1. Proper standardization of materials in the store is required.
2. It requires a good system of coding of materials.
3. Sometimes the system ignore factors other than value of the product. The distinction is important.
4. If a business has too many items in inventories, it becomes a tiresome task to categorize them.
Thus, ABC system works in a manner to provide maximum attention to high value items in the inventory that requires cirtical care. It sets the priorities and thus provide a logical base for managing the inventory effectively and efficiently. 

PRICING AND METHODS OF PRICING

Pricing, as the term is used in economics and finance, is the act of setting a value on a product. While the basic concept is extraordinarily simple, many wonder about whether price and cost are the same. Although the two are used almost interchangeably in informal speech, in more formal business discussions price and cost are not at all the same. Price is what the buyer pays for the product or service. Cost is the seller's investment in the product subsequently sold.

Pricing method can be seen as the process of ascertaining the value of a product or service at which the manufacturer is willing to sell it in the market. The cost, market competition and demand are the three significant factors which influence a product’s price.

Following are some of the pricing methods:
1. Cost Plus Pricing: Cost-plus pricing is one of the simplest ways of price determination. A certain percentage of cost is added as a profit margin to the value of the product to acquire the selling price.
2. Break-Even Pricing: This method is similar to break-even analysis, here the company needs to price the products such that it generates profit after recovering the fixed and variable costs. The selling price should be equal to or more than the break-even price (the point at which the sales revenue matches the cost of goods sold).
3. Mark-up pricing: Mark-up pricing is a variation of cost pricing. In this case, mark-ups are calcu­lated as a percentage of the selling price and not as a percentage of the cost price. Firms that use cost-oriented methods use mark-up pricing.
4. Target return pricing: In this case, the firm sets prices in order to achieve a particular level of return on investment (ROI).
5. Going-rate pricing: In this case, the benchmark for setting prices is the price set by major com­petitors. If a major competitor changes its price, then the smaller firms may also change their price, irrespective of their costs or demand.
6. Area pricing: Here different prices are charged for the same product in different market areas. For instance, a firm may charge a lower price in a new market to attract customers.
7. Perceived value pricing: A good number of firms fix the price of their goods and services on the basis of customers’ perceived value. They consider customers’ perceived value as the primary factor for fixing prices, and the firm’s costs as the secondary. The customers’ perception can be influenced by several factors, such as advertising, sales on techniques, effective sales force and after-sale-service staff. If customers perceive a higher value, then the price fixed will be high and vice versa.

Thus, pricing plays an important role in every stage of a product (i.e. introduction, growth, maturity & decline) and is an essential factor to determine the success of the business.

JUST-IN-TIME INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The just-in-time (JIT) inventory system is a management strategy that aligns raw-material orders from suppliers directly with production schedules. Companies employ this inventory strategy to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they need them for the production process, which reduces inventory costs. This method requires producers to forecast demand accurately.

Just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing is also known as the Toyota Production System (TPS) because the car manufacturer Toyota adopted the system in the 1970s. During Japan's post-World War II rebuilding of industry: 1) Japan's lack of cash made it difficult for industry to finance the big-batch, large inventory production methods common elsewhere. 2) Japan lacked space to build big factories loaded with inventory. 3) The Japanese islands were (and are) lacking in natural resources with which to build products. 4) Japan had high unemployment, which meant that labor efficiency methods were not an obvious pathway to industrial success. Thus the Japanese "leaned out" their processes. The just-in-time (JIT) inventory system is a management strategy that minimizes inventory and increases efficiency. The success of the JIT production process relies on steady production, high-quality workmanship, no machine breakdowns, and reliable suppliers.

Under JIT system production mistakes can be spotted more quickly and corrected, which results in fewer products being produced that contain defects. Since production runs are very short, it is easier to halt production of one product type and switch to a different product to meet changes in customer demand. With a faster turnaround of stock, you don’t need as much warehouse or storage space to store goods. This reduces the amount of storage an organisation needs to rent or buy, freeing up funds for other parts of the business.

JIT also has some disadvantages like potential disruptions in the supply chain. If a raw materials supplier has a breakdown and cannot deliver the goods in a timely manner, this could conceivably stall the entire production process. A sudden unexpected order for goods may delay the delivery of finished products to end clients. With JIT inventory management, it’s imperative that companies understand their sales trends and variances in close detail. Most companies have seasonal sales periods, meaning a number of products will need a higher stock level at certain times of the year due to higher demand. Therefore, you need to factor that into planning for inventory levels.

Thus, JIT inventory management system is very effective and efficient and helps in minimizing cost while improving the quality of the products. If planned properly, JIT can help achieve wonders.

Some Major players in Cryptocurrency- Part 3

1.Namecoin - Namecoin  is a cryptocurrency that is mined with bitcoin software as bonus. It is based on the code of bitcoin and uses the same proof-of-work algorithm. Like bitcoin, it is limited to 21 million coins.

2.Peercoin -       Peercoin is an alternative cryptocurrency launched in August 2012 and is based on the Bitcoin framework. Peercoin is also referred to as PPCoin, Peer-to-Peer Coin and P2P Coin. It is one of the leading cryptocurrencies in terms of market capitalization.

    

3.Dogecoin-    Dogecoin is a decentralized, peer-to-peer digital currency that enables you to easily send money online. Think of it as "the internet currency."

      

4.Gridcoin-  Gridcoin is a cryptocurrency which rewards volunteer distributed computation performed on the BOINC platform on top of Proof of Stake.

5.Nxt-    Nxt is the first pure proof-of-stake blockchain and a "second generation" of cryptocurrency designed to expand the use of blockchain technology beyond the simple transfer of value. Soon after Bitcoin launched, it became apparent that the advantages of this revolutionary technology could be applicable in a variety of cases where transparency, immutability and disintermediation is of utmost importance. Nxt was a pioneer in exploring these capabilities.

Application of blockchain

                       

In previous blog we got to know about the concept of blockchain. Let us know understand how each block is added to this chain. The process of adding each block is called proof- of- work or PoW. It is the original consensus algorithm in the Block chain network. This algorithm is used to confirm transactions and produce new blocks to the chain. With PoW, miners compete against each other to complete transaction on the network and getting rewarded.In the network, users send each other digital tokens. A decentralized ledger gathers all the transaction into blocks. However care should be taken to confirm the transaction and arrange blocks. This responsibility bears on special nodes called miners and process is called mining.
               

Along with Bitcoin and cryptocurrency blockchain has many more applications. The nature of Blockchain technology has led businesses, industries, and entrepreneurs from all around the world to explore the technology’s potential and make revolutionary changes in different sectors.

1. Smart Contract
Smart contracts perform similar functions as paper-based agreements. The differentiating factor about smart contracts is that these are digital as well as self-executable in nature. Self-executable meaning that when certain conditions in the code of these contracts are met, they are automatically deployed. Smart contracts can be used for different situations or industries such as financial agreements, health insurances, real estate property documents, crowdfunding etc.Ethereum, an open source blockchain platform has introduced smart contracts in the Blockchain ecosystem.

2. Financial Services
Major portions of the financial industry are implementing distributed ledgers for use in banking, and according to a September 2016 IBM study, this is occurring faster than expected. Banks are interested in this technology because it has potential to speed up backup office settlement systems. Banks such as UBS are opening new research labs dedicated to blockchain technology in order to explore how blockchain can be used in financial services to increase efficiency and reduce costs.The blockchain has also given rise to Initial coin offerings (ICOs) as well as a new category of digital asset called Security Token Offerings (STOs), also sometimes referred to as Digital Security Offerings (DSOs).

3. Supply Chain
There are a number of efforts and industry organizations working to employ blockchains in supply chain logistics and supply chain management. Everledger is one of the inaugural clients of IBM's blockchain-based tracking service. Wal-Mart and IBM are running a trial to use a blockchain-backed system for supply chain monitoring — all nodes of the blockchain are administered by Walmart and are located on the IBM cloud. Hyperledger grid develops open components for blockchain supply chain solutions

Blockchain

               

Nowadays when we need to split bills at restaurants among friends or when we need to pay in shops we just swipe cards or we pay online. But many a times either our bank server is down or there is some network issue. Now a days, a type of digital money is becoming very popular which is known as cryptocurrency. Blockchain is the  technology that is used to run cryptocurrency. Simply, blockchain can be described as collection of records linked with each other which are protected using technology.

The data which is stored inside a block depends on the type of blockchain. For instance, A Bitcoin Block contains information about the Sender, Receiver and number of bitcoins to be transferred.The first block in the chain is called the Genesis block. Each new block in the chain is linked to the previous block.Each block has data, hash and hash of previous block.

Data is the transaction that is to be performed. Hash can be understood as a finger print which is unique for each and every block. Different cryptocurriences use different hash. For eg- Bitcoin uses SHA256  whereas Etherum uses ETHASH. If any data in the block changes new hash is created and thus a new block. Thus the hash is very useful when you want to detect changes to intersections. All the blocks in blockchain contains the hash of previous block.

This is the way in which blockchain identifies distinct transactions and is able to trace them. Thus making the use of cryptocurrency secure and accountable.

Cryptocurrency- Some Major Players -2

Here's a fun fact about cryptocurrency. The first cryptocurrency transaction in the real world took place on May 22, 2010. On that fateful day, Laszlo Hanyecz paid 10,000 bitcoins for two delivered Papa John's pizzas. The Hungarian developer had a fierce hunger and bitcoins to spare, and used the bitcointalk forums to find a user in the UK to make the $25 delivery order for him in exchange for the 10,000 bitcoins, a transaction that was pretty over-the-top back then and even crazier today. Let's see some more players in cryptocurrency in this blog.

1. Dash - Dash gives you the freedom to move your money any way you want. Grab a coffee, split a check, or pay your phone bill. Dash moves money anywhere, to anyone, instantly, for less than a cent.

2.Ethereum - Ethereum is an open source, public, blockchain- based distributed computing platform and operating system featuring smart contract functionality.

3. Ethereum classic

- Ethereum Classic is a decentralized blockchain platform that lets anyone build and use decentralized applications that run on blockchain technology. Like Bitcoin, no one controls or owns Ethereum Classic – it is an open-source project built by people around the world.

4. Tether - Tether is a controversial cryptocurrency with tokens issued by Tether Limited.It formerly claimed that each token was backed by one United States dollar, but on 14 March 2019 changed the backing to include loans to affiliate companies.The Bitfinex exchange was accused by the New York Attorney General of using Tether's funds to cover up $850 million in funds missing since mid-2018.

Zcash- Zcash leverages zero-knowledge proof constructions called zk-SNARKs, which allow two users to exchange information without revealing their identities. While the bitcoin blockchain contains records of the participants in a transaction, as well as the amount involved, Zcash’s blockchain shows only that a transaction took place, not who was involved or what the amount was.

Thus, there are many major cryptocurrencies available in the market. It is believed to be the future of currency. So its better to be aware about it now than being surprised later.

Cryptocurrency- Some major players

The number of cryptocurrencies available over the internet as of 19 August 2018 is over 1600 and growing. Some of them are as follows:  

1. Bitcoin :- Bitcoin is a decentralized peer-to-peer electronic cash system that does not rely on any central authority like a government or financial institution. All transactions are recorded on a global public ledger called the blockchain. Bitcoin was first described in white paper written by an anonymous person who went by the name Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008.

           

2. Ripple :-Ripple is a technology that acts as both a cryptocurrency and a digital payment network for financial transaction. It was released in 2012 and was co-founded by Chris Larsen and Jed McCaleb.
                  

3. Litecoin :- Litecoin is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency and open-source software project released under the MIT/x11 license. Creation and transfer of coin is based on an open source cryptographic protocol and is not managed by any central authority. Litecoin was an early bitcoin spin off or altcoin, starting in October 2001.
                       

4. Bitcoin cash :- Bitcoin cash is a cryptocurrency that is a fork of bitcoin. Bitcoin cash is a spin-of or altcoin that was created in 2017. In 2018 Bitcoin cash subsequently split into two cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin SV. Bitcoin Cash is sometimes also referred to as Bcash.
                    

These were some of the major cryptocurrencies. We will see more in the next blog.

Cryptocurrency is a virtual currency

A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency designed to work as a medium of exchange
That means there’s no physical coin or bill — it’s all online. You can transfer cryptocurrency to someone online without a go-between, like a bank.

People might use cryptocurrencies for quick payments and to avoid transaction fees. Some might get cryptocurrencies as an investment, hoping the value goes up. You can buy cryptocurrency with a credit card or, in some cases, get it through a process called “mining.” Cryptocurrency mining, or cryptomining, is a process in which transactions for various forms of cryptocurrency are verified and added to the blockchain digital ledger. According to Jan Lansky,
a cryptocurrency is a system that meets six conditions:

1. The system does not require a central authority, its state is maintained through distributed consensus.

2. The system keeps an overview of cryptocurrency units and their ownership.

3. The system defines whether new cryptocurrency units can be created. If new cryptocurrency units can be created, the system defines the circumstances of their origin and how to determine the ownership of these new units.

4. Ownership of cryptocurrency units can be proved exclusively cryptographically.

5. The system allows transactions to be performed in which ownership of the cryptographic units is changed. A transaction statement can only be issued by an entity proving the current ownership of these units.

6. If two different instructions for changing the ownership of the same cryptographic units are simultaneously entered, the system performs at most one of them.

List of a cryptocurrency

  Currencies              release    symbol

1. Bitcoin                  2009       BTC

2. Litecoin                   2011       LTC

3. Namecoin               2011       NMC

4. Peercoin                  2012       PPC

5. Dogecoin                 2013      DOGE

6. Gridcoin                  2013      GRC

7. Primecoin               2013       XPM

8. Ripple                      2013        XRP

9. Nxt                           2013        NXT

10. Auroracoin           2014       AUR

11. Dash                       2014      DASH

12. Neo                         2014      NEO

13. Mazacoin               2014     MZC

14. Monero                  2014     XMR

15. Nem                        2014     XEM

16. Potcoin                   2014     POT

17. Titcoin                    2014     TIT

18. Verge                       2014    XVG

19. Stellar                     2014    XLM

20. Vertcoin                  2014    VTC

21. Ethereum               2015    ETH

22. Ethereum classic  2015    ETC

23. Namo                      2015   Namo

24. Tether                    2015    USDT

25. Zcash                      2016   ZEC

26. Bitcoin cash          2017   BCH

27. Eos.io                     2017   EOS

STARTUP - BENEFITS & DETRIMENTS

This is the last blog in the series of blogs regarding Startup Finance. Please refer to our other blogs if you haven't already. We are going to discuss the benefits and detriments of startup. We have seen how startup is an emerging sector and a feasible option for many new entrepreneurs.

We can list down some of the benefits of startup as follows:

1. Flexibility : Startups are small and are not that well-structured, which can prove to their benefit. This allows them to adapt to changes in technology and market conditions.

2. Efficient Utilization of Resources : Startups have less administrative overheads as compared to established companies as they know their limitations and try to use all the available resources at optimal level.

3. Alignment with Company Goals : People working in big companies are easily attracted to big salaries or higher positions and thus, may lack being on the same page as the company in terms of goals. Startups mostly have employees who are passionate about their jobs and hence, work with all their potential for achieving company's goals.

4. Personalization : Startups take time to study and understand their customer's needs. Therefore, they are able to provide personalized services to customers. Their products have a personal touch.

5. Self-satisfaction : Last but not the least, it is fun to work in a startup. You are able to choose your clients and one is also appreciated for innovative ideas. It brings a feeling of self-satisfaction.

Following are the detriments of startup :

1. Risk : Startup is deprived of competent staff many times due to the risk factor, as people tend to stick to their jobs providing job security. Also, the major reason for failure of startups is that they overestimate themselves many of the times, which makes them vulnerable to risks they have never even thought of.

2. Market Share : It is difficult for startup businesses to capture market share as people tend to stick to products they have always bought. So it is very important for the startups to study market properly and make sure to implement effective marketing strategies.

3. Resources : Startups face many issues due to lack of resources. They have to make do with what is available with them, which makes them lag behind even if their product or service is superior to that of their competitors.

4. Returns : Startup take up a sweet part of you as it requires hardwork, determination and perseverance but it can be quite slow fruit bearing tree. That may lead to frustration and stress for all the components of the startup.

5. Team : It is very essential to form a team that is passionate about the business. Even a single member who does not allign with the goals may lead to failure of the whole startup. And also it it important for the team to be compatible so as to work with co-operation.

So to wrap it up startups succeed all over the world and also there are many examples of failed startups, it is upon you to study every step you are going to take and taking calculated risks for leading a successful business. Do share your thoughts in comments.

STARTUP FINANCE- BOOTSTRAPPING

Bootstrapping a startup means starting lean and without the help of outside capital. An individual is said to be bootstrapping when he or she attempts to establish and build a company from personal finances or from the operating revenues of the new company. Compared to using venture capital, bootstrapping can be beneficial, as the entrepreneur is able to maintain control over all decisions.

The major thing to be kept in mind while bootstrapping your startup is to put a cap on overheads (expenses) of the business.The entrepreneur needs to evaluate every expense critically and also has to be a publicity magnet so as to get his/her product or service going in the market.Bootstrapping has many pros, some of them being :

1. Control over direction of the business

2. Ownership of your business.

3. Sense of accomplishment.

4. Being forced to create an effective and efficient business model as the survival of business depends on it.

But as bootstrapping has its pros it also has it cons, some of which are:

1. The entrepreneur has to work really hard as he has to run his/her business with lack of capital, personnel help, expertise, etc..

2. Chances of survival are very thin as there is always a possibility of running out of money.

3. Growth can be stunted due to lack of resources.

4. Also, due to less availability of resources and experienced staff, it may be hard to keep the work organized.

Bootstrapping a startup business can be a romanticized idea. For those who can pull it off, it may be highly rewarding. 

Following are the various methods of bootstrapping :

1.Customer-focused Marketing : Marketing your products can be a huge expense for any business and therefore keeping a sharp focus on your targets is essential to ensure return on your investments. This will mean targeting the right customers for your products and making them know the effectiveness of your product.

2.Creative Branding : As a business with access to limited resources, it becomes a challenging task to creatively use the things at your disposal to make a significant impact in the market. This could be done via social media platforms, that requires flexibility and willingness to take risks.

3.Free or Discounted Resources : Always keep an eye out for free and discounted resources. Don't pay for consulting if you can get advice from a friend, don't pay rent if you can manage through virtual space, etc.. The key to being a successful Startup CEO is to make optimum use of every single penny you have for business.

4.Small Business Grants : Sometimes grants are available if your startup is focusing on solving important problems like healthcare, education, etc..

5.Venture Debt : Similar to bank loans, there are loans from Venture debt companies. These firms provide debt on terms similar to credit card debts.

Some of the companies that succeeded with bootstrapping are Dell computers, Oracle Corp., SAP, Coca-cola Co.. Bootstrapping continues to be an attractive option for the startup entrepreneurs. It can bring a lot of benefits to the business, just one has to be aware of its detriments too.

STARTUP FINANCE- PITCH PRESENTATIONS

Pitch deck presentation is a short and brief presentation to investors explaining about prospects of the company and why they should invest into the startup business. The pitch should not be more than 18 to 20 minutes long and it is ideal to have 15 to 18 slides because too much information means you are going to lose attention of the investors.

Generally you can think of a pitch deck as a story of your product that you want to convey to the investors. It has a story arc, plot points, developments, antagonists and climax. Start the pitch by introducing the product, your project and other cover items and then move on to the problem and solution part of the pitch. So basically the idea is that you state the problem faced for which you are going to provide your product or service as a solution. This technique is highly effective and widely used. Then, go on and highlight the features, the uniqueness of your product or service but don't ever get into all the technical details of your product as it increases the chances of you losing the attention of your audience. The next step is to put forth the business model you are planning to adopt. Pitch in how you will make money from this opportunity and just provide an overview of solid numbers in order to show what demand your product or service is going to have.

Pitch the size of the market that your product or service is going to conquer and how much will the customers be ready to pay for it. Provide the investors with the current traction that your product or  service has- products, customers, revenues, etc.. Let the investors know about the competitive landscape i.e. who are currently or in future going to compete with your product or service and what are the actions you plan to take for preventing the same from affecting your business. Provide charts and graphs indicating your current and future financial projections. Using graphs and charts provides a visual aid to your pitch. Pitch projections for revenue, costs, time period in which you estimate the product or service to take off in the market, etc.. At the end, pitch your funding need, how your capital structure is going to be - the proportion  of equity and debt in your capital structure and also provide the investors with their exit options i.e. if in future any investor wants to liquidate his/her investment, who will buy their share and what other prospects do they have.

Thus we can summarize the above and state that the followings points are crucial for a pitch presentation :

1.  Cover

2.  Team

3.  Problem

4.  Solution

5.  Product or service

6.  Business model

7.  Size of the market opportunity

8.  Traction

9.  Competitive landscape

10. Financial analysis

11. Funding needs, capital structure and exit options

I would like to specifically mention that avoid repeating data in pitch presentations and don't oversell it and it is fine if you don't know all the answers. If your idea has the potential, a perfect pitch will surely take you on a successful business journey.